The Night Sky from Mars

The Mast Camera (Mastcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover has captured the first image of an asteroid taken from the surface of Mars. The night-sky image actually includes two asteroids: Ceres and Vesta, plus one of Mars' two moons, Deimos, which may have been an asteroid before being captured into orbit around Mars. The image was taken after nightfall on the 606th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (April 20, 2014, PDT). In other camera pointings the same night, the Mastcam also imaged Mars' larger moon, Phobos, plus the planets Jupiter and Saturn.

Ceres, with a diameter of about 590 miles (950 kilometers), is the largest object in the asteroid belt, large enough to be classified as a dwarf planet. Vesta is the third-largest object in the asteroid belt, about 350 miles (563 kilometers) wide. These two bodies are the destinations of NASA's Dawn mission, which orbited Vesta in 2011 and 2012 and is on its way to begin orbiting Ceres in 2015.

This annotated image combines portions of images taken at the same pointing with two different exposure times, plus insets from other camera pointings. In the main portion of the image, Vesta, Ceres and three stars appear as short streaks due to the duration of a 12-second exposure. The background is detector noise, limiting what we can see to magnitude 6 or 7, much like normal human eyesight. The two asteroids and three stars would be visible to someone of normal eyesight standing on Mars. Specks are effects of cosmic rays striking the camera's light detector.

Three square insets at left show Phobos, Jupiter and Saturn at exposures of one-half second each. Deimos was much brighter than the visible stars and asteroids in the same part of the sky, in the main image. The circular inset covers a patch of sky the size that Earth's full moon appears to observers on Earth. At the center of that circular inset, Deimos appears at its correct location in the sky, in a one-quarter-second exposure. In the unannotated version of the 12-second-exposure image, the brightness of Deimos saturates that portion of the image, making the moon appear overly large.

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/Texas A&M

Note: For more information, see Asteroids as Seen From Mars; A Curiosity Rover First.

Phobos Occulting Deimos

This movie clip shows the larger of Mars' two moons, Phobos, passing in front of the smaller Martian moon, Deimos, as observed by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity. The series of 41 images is shown at increased speed. The actual elapsed time is 55 seconds.

The images were taken by the telephoto-lens camera of the Mast Camera pair (right Mastcam) on Curiosity on August 1, 2013, during the 351st Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars. These observations of Phobos and Deimos help researchers make knowledge of the moons' orbits even more precise.

On Phobos, Stickney Crater is visible on the bottom. It is on the leading hemisphere of Phobos. Hall Crater, in the south, is the prominent feature on the right hand side.

Video credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems/Texas A&M University

Note: For more information, see PIA17350: Two Moons of Mars in One Enhanced View, PIA17351: Illustration Comparing Apparent Sizes of Moons, PIA17352: Smoothed Movie of Phobos Passing Deimos in Martian Sky, PIA17353: Before and After Occultation of Deimos by Phobos, and NASA Rover Gets Movie as a Mars Moon Passes Another.

Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest

This animation shows deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest in the western Brazilian state of Rondônia from 1986 to 2010. While the central area remains green and untouched, squares of light green and brown pop up over time as the forest is cut away.

The animation was created using two cloud-free images: the first from NASA’s Landsat mission in 1986, and the second from the Spanish Deimos mission in 2010. The changes over time were simulated by referring to other satellite data acquired during the 24 years between the two images.

Video credit: ESA/USGS/Deimos Imaging; text credit: ESA/USGS/Deimos Imaging